Edema refers to the abnormal buildup of fluid in the body’s tissues, causing visible swelling, particularly in the legs, ankles, and feet. It can also appear in the arms, hands, or face. While sometimes harmless, edema can signal an underlying health issue, making it important to recognize and address.

Edema is not a disease but a symptom of fluid retention. It affects people of all ages but is especially common in older adults and pregnant individuals. When swelling occurs throughout the entire body, it is referred to as anasarca. Depending on the cause, edema can be temporary or chronic.

Common signs of edema include swelling, a sensation of heaviness or tightness, shiny or stretched skin, and joint stiffness. One distinct feature is pitting edema, where pressing the skin leaves a dent. Additional symptoms vary with the cause—shortness of breath in heart failure or fatigue in kidney or liver disease.

There are many causes of edema, including prolonged sitting or standing, certain medications, hormonal changes, injuries, infections, varicose veins, and lymphatic issues. More serious causes include chronic heart, kidney, or liver disease, and excessive salt intake can also contribute to fluid retention.

Doctors diagnose edema through a physical exam and may use tools like X-rays, MRIs, blood tests, or urine analysis to find the underlying cause. This is essential for guiding treatment and ruling out organ-related problems.

Treatment depends on the cause. Mild edema may resolve on its own, while chronic cases might require diuretics, dietary changes, compression wear, leg elevation, or specialized therapies like lymphatic massage. Prompt medical attention helps prevent complications and manage symptoms effectively.